Reported Speech

REPORTED SPEECH 

Pronoun, tenses and time expressions (Changes: direct into indirect speech)

Pronouns

In reported speech, you often have to change the pronoun depending on who says what.

Example

She says, “My mum doesn’t have time today.” – She says that her mum doesn’t have time today.

Tenses

No backshift

Do not change the tense if the introductory clause is in Simple Present (e. g. He says). Note, however, that you might have to change the formof the present tense verb (3rd person singular).

Example

He says, “I speak English.” – He says that he speaks English.

Backshift

You must change the tense if the introductory clause is in Simple Past (e. g. He said). This is called backshift.

Example

He said, “I am happy.” – He said that he was happy.

Direct Speech	Reported Speech
Simple Present	Simple Past
Present Progressive	Past Progressive
Simple Past	Past Perfect Simple
Present Perfect Simple
Past Perfect Simple
Past Progressive	Past Perfect Progressive
Present Perfect Progressive
Past Perfect Progressive
Future I (going to)	was / were going to
Future I (will)	Conditional I (would)
Conditional I (would)

The verbs could, should, would, might, must, needn’t, ought to, used todo not normally change.

Example:

He said, “She might be right.” – He said that she might be right.

Place and Time expressions

For place and time expressions you have to check whether place and time are the same in direct and reported speech or not. Check out the following example:

It is Friday and you meet James at a restaurant. James tells you that he saw Caroline in this restaurant today. (“I saw Caroline here today.”) A few minutes later, Helen joins you and you want to report what James has told you. Place (here) and time (today) are the same and you can say:

→ James said that he had seen Caroline here today.

One day later, you meet Mary at the same restaurant. Again, you want to report to her what James has told you. The place is the same, but not the time (it happened yesterday). So you would say:
→ James said that he had seen Caroline here yesterday.

Still a few days later, Tom rings you at home. Again, you want to report to him what James has told you. However, now you are not at the restaurant (but at home) and a few days have passed since then. So you would say:

→ James said that he had seen Caroline at the restaurant on Friday.

→ I met James in a restaurant on Friday and he said that he had seen Caroline there that day.

Therefore you always have to think which place and time expressions are logical in a certain situation.

In the following table, you will find ways of transforming place and time expressions into reported speech.

Direct Speech	Reported Speech
today	that day
now	then
yesterday	the day before
… days ago	… days before
last week	the week before
next year	the following year
tomorrow	the next day / the following day
here	there
this	that
these	those

Statements
1) If the sentence starts in the present, there is no backshift of tensesin Reported speech.
Example: Susan: “I work in an office.” Susan says that she worksin an office.

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2) If the sentence starts in the past, there is often backshift of tenses in Reported speech. (see: Note)
Example: Susan: “I work in an office.” Susan said that she workedin an office.

Peter: “I worked in the garden yesterday.”

If the sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it as well.

Peter said that he had worked in the garden the day before.

Shifting of expressions of time

this (evening)	that (evening)
today/this day	that day
these (days)	those (days)
now	then
(a week) ago	(a week) before
last weekend	the weekend before / the previous weekend
here	there
next (week)	the following (week)
tomorrow	the next/following day

Note:

In some cases the backshift of tenses is not necessary, e.g. when statements are still true.

John: “My brother is at Leipzig university.”
John said that his brother was at Leipzig university. or
John said that his brother is at Leipzig university.
or
Mandy: “The sun rises in the East.”
Mandy said that the sun rose in the East. or
Mandy said that the sun rises in the East.

Reported questions

If you put a question into Reported speech there are some steps which are the same like in statements: (changing of the person, backshift of tenses, changing of expressions of time).
In Reported speech there is no question anymore, the sentence becomes a statement.
That’s why the word order is: subject – verb

Question without question words (yes/no questions):
Peter: “Do you play football?” – Peter asked me if I played football.
Question with question words:
Peter: “When do you play football?” – Peter asked me when Iplayed football.

Reported commands

If you put a command into Reported speech there are some steps which are the same like in statements: (changing of the person, backshift of tenses, changing of expressions of time).
The form is mostly: form of to tell + to + infinitive.

Affirmative commands	Negative commands
Father: “Doyour   homework.”	Teacher.   “Don’t talk to    your neighbour.”
Father told meto do my homework.	The teachertold me not to talk to my neighbour.

Reporting verbs

REPORTING VERBS (Verbos Comunicadores)

Estos son algunos de los verbos comunicadores o reporting verbs más utilizados (seguidos por una cláusula relativa con that):

add (agregar) complain (quejarse) feel (sentir) repeat (repetir) say (decir) tell (comentar) agree (acordar) deny (negar) inform (informar) reply (responder) show (demostrar) threaten (amenazar) answer (contestar) explain (explicar) promise (prometer) report (comunicar) suggest (sugerir) warn (advertir)

In the sentence “James said that he was my neighbour”, said is a reporting verb (was is a reported verb). There are other reporting verbs we can use depending on the statement. We can also use the verbs like told, offered and promised. Let’s take a look at some examples.

Told

“My brother is buying a car” said Anne (direct speech) becomes Anne told me (that) her brother was buying a car.

Use told + person + what was said. Don’t use told with to: Anne told to me (that) her brother was buying a car is not correct.

Offered

Use offered + to + infinitive verb.

“I’ll do the shopping for you”, said Simon becomes Simon offered to do the shopping for us .

Promised

Use promise + to + infinitive verb

“I’ll buy you lunch”, said Mark becomes Mark promised to buy me lunch.

OR Promise + clause (change the tense of the verb):

Mark promised (that) he would buy me lunch.

Reporting Verbs

When using reported speech, most students learn to use “say” and “tell”:

Examples:

John told me he was going to stay late at work.
Peter said he wanted to visit his parents that weekend.

These forms are perfectly correct for reporting what others have said. However, there are a number of other reporting verbs which can more accurately describe what someone has said. These verbs take a variety of structures. The following list gives you reporting verbs in various categories based on sentence structure. Notice that a number of verbs can take more than one form.

verb object infinitive	verb infinitive	verb (that)	verb gerund	verb object preposition gerund	verb preposition gerund
advise encourage invite remind warn	agree decide offer promise refuse threaten	admit agree decide deny explain insist promise recommend suggest	deny recommend suggest	accuse blame congratulate	apologize insist
Examples: Jack encouraged me to look for a new job. They invited all their friends to attend the presentation.	Examples: She offered to give him a lift to work. My brother refused to take no for an answer.	Examples: Tom admitted (that) he had tried to leave early. She agreed (that) we needed to reconsider our plans.	Examples: He denied having anything to do with her. Ken suggested studying early in the morning.	Examples: They accused the boys of cheating on the exam. She blamed her husband for missing the train.	Examples: He apologized for being late. She insisted on doing the washing up.

Exercises:

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/reported-speech-exercises.html

https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/reported-speech

https://elt.oup.com/student/solutions/int/grammar/grammar_06_012e?cc=global&selLanguage=en

http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-exercise-reported-speech.php

http://www.agendaweb.org/verbs/reported_speech-exercises.html

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises_list/reported.htm

http://www.e-grammar.org/reported-speech/test1-exercise1/

http://wwwedu.ge.ch/cptic/prospective/projets/anglais/exercises/reported1.htm

http://speakspeak.com/english-grammar-exercises/upper-intermediate/reported-speech

http://www.english-grammar.at/worksheets/reported-speech/reported-speech-index.htm

http://www.conhecer.org.br/download/INGLES%20INTERMEDIARIO/Module%202-%20reported-speech4.pdf

 

Relative clauses

Relative clauses

Relative clauses are clauses starting with the relative pronouns who*, that, which, whose, where, when. They are most often used to define or identify the noun that precedes them. Here are someexamples:

• Do you know the girl who started in grade 7 last week?
• Can I have the pencil that I gave you this morning?
• A notebook is a computer which can be carried around.
• I won’t eat in a restaurant whose cooks smoke.
• I want to live in a place where there is lots to do.
• Yesterday was a day when everything went wrong!

* There is a relative pronoun whom, which can be used as the object of the relative clause. For example: My science teacher is a person whom I like very much. To many people the word whomnows sounds old-fashioned, and it is rarely used in spoken English.

Relative pronouns are associated as follows with their preceding noun:

Precedingnoun	Relativepronoun	Examples
a person	who(m)/that, whose	– Do you know the girl who .. – He was a man that .. – An orphan is a child whose parents ..
a thing	which/that, whose	– Do you have a computer which .. – The oak a tree that .. – This is a book whose author ..

Note 1: The relative pronoun whose is used in place of the possessive pronoun. It must be followed by a noun. Example: There’s a boy in grade 8 whose father is a professional tennis player. (There’s a boy in grade 8. His father is a professional tennis player.)

Note 2: The relative pronouns where and when are used with place and time nouns. Examples: FIS is a school where children from more than 50 countries are educated. 2001 was the year when terrorists attacked the Twin Towers in New York.

Some relative clauses are not used to define or identify the preceding noun but to give extra information about it. Here are someexamples:

• My ESL teacher, who came to Germany in 1986, likes to ride his mountain bike.
• The heavy rain, which was unusual for the time of year, destroyed most of the plants in my garden.
• Einstein, who was born in Germany, is famous for his theory of relativity.
• The boy, whose parents both work as teachers at the school, started a fire in the classroom.
• My mother’s company, which makes mobile phones, is moving soon from Frankfurt to London.
• In the summer I’m going to visit Italy, where my brother lives.

Note 1: Relative clauses which give extra information, as in the example sentences above, must be separated off by commas.

Note 2: The relative pronoun that cannot be used to introduce an extra-information (non-defining) clause about a person. Wrong: Neil Armstrong, that was born in 1930, was the first man to stand on the moon. Correct: Neil Armstrong, who was born in 1930, was the first man to stand on the moon.

There are two common occasions, particularly in spoken English, when the relative pronoun is omitted:

1. When the pronoun is the object of the relative clause. In the following sentences the pronoun that can be left out is enclosed in (brackets):

• Do you know the girl (who/m) he’s talking to?
• Where’s the pencil (which) I gave you yesterday?
• I haven’t read any of the books (that) I got for Christmas.
• I didn’t like that girl (that) you brought to the party.
• Did you find the money (which) you lost?

Note: You cannot omit the relative pronoun a.) if it starts a non-defining relative clause, or, b.) if it is the subject of a defining relative clause. For example, who is necessary in the following sentence: What’s the name of the girl who won the tennis tournament?

2. When the relative clause contains a present or past participle and the auxiliary verb to be. In such cases both relative pronoun and auxiliary can be left out:

• Who’s that man (who is) standing by the gate?
• The family (that is) living in the next house comes from Slovenia.
• She was wearing a dress (which was) covered in blue flowers.
• Most of the parents (who were) invited to the conference did not come.
• Anyone (that is) caught writing on the walls will be expelled from school.

Relative Examples

Pronombres y frases de relativo

¿Qué es una relative clause? Entre otras cosas, es una estructura gramatical que suele dar problemas a los hispanohablantes. En esta entrega vamos a ver por qué.

Una relative clause (oración de relativo) da más información sobre la persona o cosa de la que uno está hablando. Por ejemplo,

The girls who work at that shop are really friendly.

Does the bus that goes to the airport stop here?

Muchos hispanohablantes cometen el error de repetir el sujeto en frases de este tipo. Por ejemplo,

The girls who they work at that shop are really friendly. X

Does the bus that it goes to the airport stop here? X

Aquí van más ejemplos de este error, y cómo corregirlo:

I have a friend who he works at the airport. X–> I have a friend who works at the airport.

Where are the flowers that they were on the table? X–> Where are the flowers that were on the table?

Estas frases son otra variación sobre este tema:

Did you see the gift that I bought it for your mother? X –> Did you see the gift that I bought for your mother?

There are red wines that you should drink them cold. X –> There are red wines that you should drink cold.

Para simplificar las cosas, yo recomiendo siempre utilizar who para personas y that para cosas, aunque en muchos casos también se puede utilizar that con personas. Por ejemplo, no es incorrecto decir,

The girls that work at that shop…

¿Cuándo utilizamos which, entonces?

Hay otro tipo de relative clause que añade información menos necesaria. Por ejemplo, considera estas dos frases:

My brother who lives in Florida is a teacher.

My brother, who lives in Florida, is a teacher.

En la primera estoy diciendo que de todos mis hermanos, el que vive en Florida es profesor. En este caso, utilizo la relative clause para identificar a la persona de la que estoy hablando.

En la segunda estoy diciendo que mi hermano es profesor, y que, por cierto, vive en Florida. En esta situación utilizo la relative clause para añadir información “de paso”, no para identificar a la persona de la que estoy hablando.

En frases que no se refieren a personas, utilizamos which (y no that) en el segundo tipo de relative clause. Por ejemplo,

The companies that do business in Spain are having financial problemas. (That se utiliza para identificar el grupo de empresas al que se refiere la frase.)

These companies, which do business in Spain, are having financial problems. (Which se utiliza para añadir información menos esencial.)

Si todo esto te parece complicado, hay un truco muy sencillo: utiliza which y no that después de una coma.

Resumiendo…

Lo más importante es no repetir el sujeto en tus relative clauses. En general, utilizawho para personas y that para cosas, pero después de una coma, utiliza which en lugar de that.

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Ejercicios

Corrige estas frases:

1. The people who they were at the other table are friends of mine.
2. Juan works for a company that it’s going out of business.
3. He watches some shows that they are  really good.
4. This camera has a system that it takes two pictures at a time.
5. A friend of Pablo’s who he is a journalist lives in New York.
6. We have some friends who they are getting married next March.

Traduce estas frases:

7. Ella es una chica que trabaja conmigo.
8. ¿Tiraste el periódico que estaba en la mesa?
9. Filadelfia, que fue la primera capital de Estados Unidos, es la ciudad más grande de Pennsylvania.
10. A la mayoría de la gente a la que le gusta el pollo también le gusta el pavo.

Respuestas:

1. The people who were at the other table are friends of mine.
2. Juan works for a company that’s (that is) going out of business.
3. He watches some shows  that are really good.
4. This camera has a system that takes two pictures at a time.
5. A friend of Pablo’s who’s (who is) a journalist lives in New York.
6. We have some friends who  are getting married next March.
7. She’s a girl who works with me.
8. Did you throw away the newspaper that was on the table.
9. Philadelphia, which was the first capital of the United States, is the biggest city in Pennsylvania.
10. Most people who like chicken also like turkey.

Bibliography: http://www.hablamejoringles.com/relative-clauses/

SOME VIDEOS to LEAR the RELATIVE CLAUSES:

Explicación en español

 Quiz on Relative clauses

Link two sentences with a relative pronoun

EXERCISES:

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/pronouns/relative_pronouns2.htm

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/relative-clauses

http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=1255

http://www.agendaweb.org/grammar/relative_pronouns_clauses-exercises.html

http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-18867.php

http://www.xtec.cat/~ogodoy/sac/rephrasing/relclex2.htm

http://www.xtec.cat/~ogodoy/sac/rephrasing/relclex1.htm

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/relative-clauses-exercise-4.html

 

Passive voice

Passive voice

1. FORM:

• To make the passive we use be and a past participle. Compare the active and passive forms in these examples:
  • Present simple: The government builds hundreds of houses every year.
    • Hundreds of houses are built every year by the government.
  • Present continuous: the authorities are questioningtwo men.
    • two men are being questioned by the authorities.
  • Present perfect: we have chosen Helen as the new president.
    • Helen has been chosen as the new president.
  • Past simple: the police arrested one protester.
    • One protester was arrestedby the police.
  • Past perfect: the police had arrested one protester.
    • One protester had been arrested by the police.

• Past continuous: The police was arresting one protester.
  • One protester was being arrested by the police.

• Will: They will play the match on Wednesday evening.
  • The match will be playedon Wednesday evening.

• Would: They would play the match on Wednesday evening.
  • The match would be played on Wednesday evening.

2. Use of Passive

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.

Example: My bike was stolen.

In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.
Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:

Example: A mistake was made.

In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).

3. TWO OBJECTS passive: (http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/passive.htm)

A sentence cast in the passive voice will not always include an agentof the action. For instance if a gorilla crushes a tin can, we could say “The tin can was crushed by the gorilla.” But a perfectly good sentence would leave out the gorilla: “The tin can was crushed.” Also, when an active sentence with an indirect object is recast in the passive, the indirect object can take on the role of subject in the passive sentence:

Active	Professor Villa gave Jorge an A.
Passive	An A was given to Jorge by Professor Villa.
Passive	Jorge was given an A.

Only transitive verbs (those that take objects) can be transformed into passive constructions. Furthermore, active sentences containing certain verbs cannot be transformed into passive structures. To have is the most important of these verbs. We can say “He has a new car,” but we cannot say “A new car is had by him.” We can say “Josefina lacked finesse,” but we cannot say “Finesse was lacked.” Here is a brief list of such verbs*:

resemble	look like	equal	agree with
mean	contain	hold	comprise
lack	suit	fit	become

4. Verbals in Passive Structures

Verbals or verb forms can also take on features of the passive voice. An infinitive phrase in the passive voice, for instance, can perform various functions within a sentence (just like the active forms of the infinitive).

• Subject: To be elected by my peers is a great honor.
• Object: That child really likes to be read to by her mother.
• Modifier: Grasso was the first woman to be elected governor in her own right.

The same is true of passive gerunds.

• Subject: Being elected by my peers was a great thrill.
• Object: I really don’t like being lectured to by my boss.
• Object of preposition: I am so tired of being lectured to by my boss.

 EXPLICACIÓN EN ESPAÑOL(http://www.ompersonal.com.ar/omgrammar/vozpasiva.htm)

CARACTERISTICAS

1. Se dice que una oración está en VOZ ACTIVA cuando la significación del verbo es producida por la persona gramatical a quien aquél se refiere: Pedro de Mendoza founded Buenos Aires. (Pedro de Mendoza fundó Buenos Aires).

2. Se dice que una oración está en VOZ PASIVA cuando la significación del verbo es recibida por la persona gramatical a quien aquél se refiere: Buenos Aires was founded by Pedro de Mendoza. (Buenos Aires fue fundada por Pedro de Mendoza).

3. Se forma con el auxiliar del verbo to be y el participio pasado del verbo que se conjuga.

4. El complemento de la oración activa pasa a sujeto de la pasiva. Como en castellano, el sujeto de la activa se puede conservar como sujeto agente.

5. Cuando un verbo tiene dos complementos se pueden hacer dos estructuras de pasiva: a) A book was sent to Tom by Mr. Smith, Un libro fue enviado a Tom por Mr. Smith. b) Tom was sent a book by Mr. Smith (pasiva idiomática). Esta estructura no es posible en castellano.

MODELO DE VERBO EN VOZ PASIVA TO BE SEEN = SER VISTO

PRESENTE I am seen, soy visto you are seen, eres visto he is seen, es visto we are seen, somos vistos you are seen, sois vistos they are seen, son vistos PRETERITO PERFECTO I have been seen, he sido visto you have been seen, has sido visto he has been seen, ha sido visto we have been seen, hemos sido vistos you have been seen, habéis sido vistos they have been seen, han sido vistos

PASADO I was seen, fui visto you were seen, fuiste visto he was seen, fue visto we were seen, fuimos vistos you were seen, fuisteis vistos they were seen, fueron vistos FUTURO I shall be seen, seré visto you will be seen, serás visto he will be seen, será visto we shall be seen, seremos vistos you will be seen, seréis vistos they will be seen, serán vistos

PRETERITO PLUSCUAMPERFECTO:  I had been seen, había sido visto CONDICIONAL:  I should be seen, sería visto FUTURO PERFECTO:  I shall have been seen, habré sido visto CONDICIONAL PERFECTO:  I should have been seen, habría sido visto

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VOZ ACTIVA Y PASIVA: REGLAS PRACTICAS EN 4 PASOS.

1. La voz pasiva se forma con el verbo to be conjugado más el participio del verbo principal. En inglés es mucho más frecuente que en español y, normalmente, aparece cuando no es importante quien realiza una acción sino el hecho en sí. Por eso, no siempre que veamos una pasiva, tenemos que traducirlo literalmente, puesto que en español suena más forzado. Sólo es posible el uso de la voz pasiva con verbos transitivos (verbos que llevan complemento directo).

VOZ ACTIVA Tom writes a letter Tom is writing a letter Tom was writing a letter Tom wrote a letter Tom has written a letter Tom had written a letter Tom will write a letter Tom is going to write a letter Tom can write a letter Tom could write a letter Tom must write a letter Tom may write a letter Tom might write a letter

VOZ PASIVA A letter is written by Tom A letter is being written by Tom A letter was being written by Tom A letter was written by Tom A letter has been written by Tom A letter had been written by Tom A letter will be written by Tom A letter is going to be writtenby Tom A letter can be written by Tom A letter could be written by Tom A letter must be written by Tom A letter may be written… A letter might be written…

2. El sujeto agente se expresa con by. Sin embargo, en la mayoría de las ocasiones se prescinde del sujeto ya que no nos interesa saber quién exactamente ejecuta la acción. Si una oración activa tiene complemento directo e indirecto,cualquiera de los dos complementos puede ser sujeto paciente de la pasiva: ACTIVE: Someone gives me a dog PASSIVE 1: A dog is given to me PASSIVE 2: I am given a dog (forma pasiva idiomática) La forma pasiva de doing, seeing, etc es being done, being seen, etc. ACTIVE: I don’t like people telling me what to do PASSIVE: I don’t like being told what to do En ocasiones en las que ocurre algo a veces imprevisto, no planeado o fortuito para la formación de la voz pasiva se prefiere usar get y no be: get hurt, get annoyed, get divorced, get married, get invited,get bored, get lost

3. Las construcciones impersonales (se dice, se comenta, etc.) son muy típicas de la pasiva y difíciles de traducir para los hispanoparlantes. Este tipo de construcción pasiva -utilizada cada vez con mayor frecuencia en los medios- se forma con la estructura sujeto + to be + participle: It is reported (Se informa); It is said (Se dice); It is known (Se sabe); It is supposed (Se supone); It is considered (Se considera); It is expected (Se espera). Veamos algunos ejemplos: ACTIVE: Everybody thinks Cathy works very hard. PASSIVE 1: Cathy is thought to work very hard. (Se piensa que Cathy…) PASSIVE 2: It is thought that Cathy works very hard. (Se piensa que Cathy…) ACTIVE: They believe Tom is wearing a white pullover. PASSIVE 1: Tom is believed to be wearing a white pullover.(Se cree que…) PASSIVE 2: It is believed that Tom is wearing a white pullover. (Se cree que…)

4. USOS ADICIONALES DE SUPPOSE a) Se usa en afirmativo para acciones que estaban planeadas, que se supone que van a realizar, u obligaciones que uno debería cumplir. You were supposed to be here at 9:00 am!! b) Otras veces, el uso de supposed indica que estos planes o obligaciones finalmente no se cumplieron: The train was supposed to arrive at 5 o’clock. (but it arrived at 8 o’clock) You were supposed to go to the supermarket. (but you didn’t go) c) Por el contrario, en negativo, supposed significa la no conveniencia o prohibición de hacer algo: You are not supposed to smoke here. (you are not allowed to smoke here) You are not supposed to copy our web files. (you must not copy our web files)

FORM SUMMARY

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE TENSES CHART

 http://english-zone.com/verbs/pssvchrt.html

SIMPLE PRESENT and SIMPLE PAST The active object becomes the passive subject. am/is/are +  past participle was/were + past participle
Active: Simple Present The movie fascinates me. The movie bores Jack. The movie surprises them.	Passive: Simple Present I am fascinated by the movie. Jack is bored by the movie. They are surprised by the movie.
Active: Simple Past The movie bored me. The movie fascinated Jack. The movie surprised them.	Passive: Simple Past I was bored by the movie. Jack was fascinated by the movie. They were surprisedby the movie.

 

PRESENT and PAST CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) Passive form: am/is/are + being + past participle was/were + being + past participle
Active: Present Continuous I am helping Shannon. June is helping Su and Ling.	Passive: Present Continuous Shannon is being helped by me. Su and Ling are being helped by June.
Active: Past Continuous I was cleaning the bathroom. They were cleaning the bedroom. Susan was cleaning the kitchen and patio.	Passive: Past Continuous The bathroom was being cleaned by me. The bedroom  was being cleaned by them. The kitchen and patio were being cleaned by Susan.

 

PRESENT PERFECT, PAST PERFECT and FUTURE PERFECT Passive form: have/has been + past participle had been + past participle
Active: Present Perfect I have mailed the gift. Jack has mailed the gifts.	Passive: Present Perfect The gift has been mailed by me. The gifts have been mailed by Jack.
Active: Past Perfect Steven Spielberg had directedthe movie. Penny Marshall had directedthose movies.	Passive: Past Perfect The movie had been directed by Steven Spielberg. The movies had been directedby Penny Marshall.
Active: Future Perfect John will have finished the project next month. They will have finished the projects before then.	Passive: Future Perfect The project will have been finished by next month. The projects will have been finished before then.

 

FUTURE TENSES Passive forms: will + be + past participle is/are going to be + past participle
Active: Future with WILL I will mail the gift. Jack will mail the gifts.	Passive: Future with WILL The gift will be mailed by me. The gifts will be mailed by Jack.
Active: Future with GOING TO I am going to make the cake. Sue is going to make two cakes.	Passive: Future with GOING TO The cake is going to be made by me. Two cakes are going to be madeby Sue.

 

PRESENT / FUTURE MODALS The passive form follows this pattern: modal + be + past participle
Active: WILL / WON’T (WILL NOT) Sharon will invite Tom to the party. Sharon won’t invite Jeff to the party. (Sharon will not invite Jeff to the party.)	Passive: WILL / WON’T (WILL NOT) Tom will be invited to the party by Sharon. Jeff won’t be invited to the party by Sharon. (Jeff will not be invited to the party by Sharon.)
Active: CAN / CAN’T (CAN NOT) Mai can foretell the future. Terry can’t foretell the future. (Terry can not foretell the future.)	Passive: CAN / CAN’T (CAN NOT) The future can be foretold by Mai. The future can’t be foretold by Terry. (The future can not be foretoldby Terry.)
Active: MAY / MAY NOT Her company may give Katya a new office. The lazy students may not dothe homework. MIGHT / MIGHT NOT Her company might give Katya a new office. The lazy students might not dothe homework.	Passive: MAY / MAY NOT Katya may be given a new office by her company. The homework may not be doneby the lazy students. MIGHT / MIGHT NOT Katya might be given a new office by her company. The homework might not be done by the lazy students.
Active: SHOULD / SHOULDN’T Students should memorizeEnglish verbs. Children shouldn’t smokecigarettes.	Passive: SHOULD / SHOULDN’T English verbs should be memorized  by students. Cigarettes shouldn’t be smoked  by children.
Active: OUGHT TO Students ought to learn English verbs. (negative ought to is rarely used)	Passive: OUGHT TO English verbs ought to be memorized by students.
Active: HAD BETTER / HAD BETTER NOT Students had better practiceEnglish every day. Children had better not drinkwhiskey.	Passive: HAD BETTER / HAD BETTER NOT English had better be practicedevery day by students. Whiskey had better not be drunkby children.
Active: MUST / MUST NOT Tourists must apply for a passport to travel abroad. Customers must not use that door.	Passive: MUST / MUST NOT A passport to travel abroad must be applied for. That door must not be used by customers.
Active: HAS TO / HAVE TO She has to practice English every day. Sara and Miho have to wash the dishes every day. DOESN’T HAVE TO/ DON’T HAVE TO Maria doesn’t have to clean her bedroom every day. The children don’t have to cleantheir bedrooms every day.	Passive: HAS TO / HAVE TO English has to be practicedevery day. The dishes have to be washedby them every day. DOESN’T HAVE TO/ DON’T HAVE TO Her bedroom doesn’t have to be cleaned every day. Their bedrooms don’t have to be cleaned every day.
Active: BE SUPPOSED TO I am supposed to type the composition. I am not supposed to copy the stories in the book. Janet is supposed to clean the living room. She isn’t supposed to eat candy and gum. They are supposed to makedinner for the family. They aren’t supposed to makedessert.	Passive: BE SUPPOSED TO The composition is supposed to be typed by me. The stories in the book are not supposed to be copied. The living room is supposed to be cleaned by Janet. Candy and gum aren’t supposed to be eaten by her. Dinner for the family is supposed to be made by them. Dessert isn’t supposed to be made by them.

 

PAST MODALS The past passive form follows this pattern: modal + have been + past participle
Active: SHOULD HAVE / SHOULDN’T HAVE The students should have learned the verbs. The children shouldn’t have broken the window.	Passive: SHOULD HAVE / SHOULDN’T HAVE The verbs should have been learned by the students. The window shouldn’t have been broken by the children.
Active: OUGHT TO Students ought to have learnedthe verbs. (negative ought to is rarely used)	Passive: OUGHT TO The verbs ought to have been learned by the students.
Active: BE SUPPOSED TO (past time) I was supposed to type the composition. I wasn’t supposed to copy the story in the book. Janet was supposed to cleanthe living room. She wasn’t supposed to eatcandy and gum. Frank and Jane were supposed to make dinner. They weren’t supposed to makedessert.	Passive: BE SUPPOSED TO (past time) The composition was supposed to be typed  by me. The story in the book wasn’t supposed to be copied. The living room was supposed to be cleaned by Janet. Candy and gum weren’t supposed to be eaten by her. Dinner was supposed to be made by them. Dessert wasn’t supposed to be made by them.
Active: MAY / MAY NOT That firm may have offeredKatya a new job. The students may not have written the paper. MIGHT / MIGHT NOT That firm might have offeredKatya a new job. The students might not have written the paper.	Passive: MAY / MAY NOT Katya may have been offered a new job by that firm. The paper may not have been written by the students. MIGHT / MIGHT NOT Katya might have been offered a new job by that firm. The paper might not have been written by the students.

Verbs form in passive

Verbals or verb forms can also take on features of the passive voice. An infinitive phrase in the passive voice, for instance, can perform various functions within a sentence (just like the active forms of the infinitive).

• Subject: To be elected by my peers is a great honor.
• Object: That child really likes to be read to by her mother.
• Modifier: Grasso was the first woman to be elected governor in her own right.

The same is true of passive gerunds.

• Subject: Being elected by my peers was a great thrill.
• Object: I really don’t like being lectured to by my boss.
• Object of preposition: I am so tired of being lectured to by my boss.

With passive participles, part of the passive construction is often omitted, the result being a simple modifying participial phrase.

• [Having been] designed for off-road performance, the Pathseeker does not always behave well on paved highways.

Bibliography: http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/passive.htm

GET or HAVE something DONE

USE

1. We use the structure have/get something done when we want to say that we ask someone else to do something for us.
   Compare the sentences:
   I fixed the washing machine. (I did it myself)
   I had my washing machine fixed. (I asked someone to fix it for me)

FORM

Tense	have/get something done
Present Simple	I have/get my hair cut.
Past Simple	I had/got my hair cut.
Present Continuous	I’m having/getting my hair cut.
Past Continuous	I was having/getting my hair cut.
Present Perfect	I have had my hair cut.
Past Perfect	I had had my hair cut.
will	I will have my hair cut.
must	I must have my hair cut.
be going to	I’m going to have my hair cut.

2. We use CAUSATIVE HAVE to show that you ask someone to do something.
   (have + someone + infinitive without TO.)

I had my sister do my exercises.
They had their mothers pick them at school.

3. We use CAUSATIVE GET to show the idea that someone convinces another person to do something.
   (get + someone + infinitive WITH TO)

I got her to let me copy her homework.
He’ll get them to arrive before 10 pm.

4. We use CAUSATIVE MAKE to show the idea ‘to force someone to do something’.
   (make + someone + infinitive without TO.)

The mother made her kid do his homework.
Did teacher make you memorize all the poem?

Bibliography: http://www.english4all.pro.br/intermhavegetdone.htm

Exercises:

https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises_list/passiv.htm

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/passive-exercise-5.html

http://www.agendaweb.org/verbs/passive-exercises.html

http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-exercise-passive.php

http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/esl-passive-voice-exercise2.html

http://www.autoenglish.org/gr.pas.i.htm

http://a4esl.org/q/h/vm/active-passive.html

http://www.english-4u.de/passive.html

https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-grammar/verbs/active-and-passive-voice

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ye3-vJkO0A8

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B5Ddg-8cb-jXRWU0cy15WFVWNXc/edit

https://sites.google.com/site/lilianadiazpere/passive-v/the-passive.pdf?attredirects=0&d=1

https://sites.google.com/site/lilianadiazpere/passive-v/the-passive-future-and-present-perfect.pdf?attredirects=0&d=1

https://sites.google.com/site/lilianadiazpere/passive-v/Itissaidthat.doc?attredirects=0&d=1

https://sites.google.com/site/lilianadiazpere/passive-v/Togettoknowsomethingaboutthecausative.docx?attredirects=0&d=1

https://sites.google.com/site/lilianadiazpere/passive-v/Whenwecauseoraskotherpeopletodosomethingforus.doc?attredirects=0&d=1

https://elt.oup.com/student/solutions/int/grammar/grammar_09_012e?cc=global&selLanguage=en

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/causatives-exercise-1.html

http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=1759

http://www.eoioviedo.org/anacarmen/passive/causative%20verbs.pdf

 

Modals in Past

Modals in past (Perfect modals)

Bibliography: http://www.slideshare.net/torrestorres/modal-verbs-1133347

Bibliography: http://www.slideshare.net/nurgarriga/modal-verbs-9938515

Speculation and deduction in past

Bibliography: http://www.slideshare.net/MargaRenedo/modal-verbs-16552278

Exercises:

http://www.autoenglish.org/modalverbs/pastmodalsdeduction.htm

http://www.esl-lounge.com/student/grammar/4g66-past-modals-exercise.php

http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/410-modals-of-possibility-and-probability-for-past-situations1.htm

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/could-have-should-have-would-have-exercise-1.html

http://www.ecenglish.com/learnenglish/lessons/modals-deduction-past

http://www.english-at-home.com/lessons/grammar-exercise-past-modals/

https://elt.oup.com/student/headway/int/grammar/unit11/hwy_int_unit09_2?cc=us&selLanguage=en

http://www.agendaweb.org/verbs/modals-mixed-4-exercises.html

http://english4all.pro.br/LEpastmodals.htm

 

Modal verbs

What are Modal Verbs?

Modal verbs are special verbs which behave very differently from normal verbs. Here are some important differences:

1. Modal verbs do not take “-s” in the third person.

Examples:

• He can  speak Chinese.
• She should  be here by 9:00.

2. You use “not” to make modal verbs negative, even in Simple Present and Simple Past.

Examples:

• He should not be late.
• They might not come to the party.

3. Many modal verbs cannot be used in the past tenses or the future tenses.

Examples:

• He will can go with us. Not Correct
• She musted study very hard. Not Correct

Common Modal Verbs

Can Could May Might Must

Ought to Shall Should Will Would

Bibliography: http://www.englishpage.com/modals/modalintro.html

Bibliography: http://www.slideshare.net/MRHERRERO/modal-verbs-3614697

Modals in the present and past

Generally speaking modals in the past have the following form:

• modal + have + past participle

Example:

• Present:
  You should see a doctor.
• Past:
  You should have seen a doctor

Except for modals that express obligation,ability and lack of necessity:

• Obligation:
  Present = I must / have to work hard. — Past = I had to work hard.
• Ability:
  Present = I can run fast. — Past = I could run fast when I was young.
• Lack of necessity:
  Present = You don’t have to / needn’t take your umbrella. — Past = You didn’t have to / didn’t need to take your umbrella.

	Modals in the Present	Modals in the Past
Obligation	You must / have to stop when the traffic lights are red.	You had to stop.
Advice	You should see a doctor.	You should have seen a doctor
Prohibition	You mustn’t smoke here.	You mustn’t have smoked there.
Ability	I can run fast.	I could run fast. now I am old.
Certainty	He has a Rolls Royce. He must be very rich. He can’t be American. His English is terrible.	He must have been rich. He had a big house and an expensive car. He can’t have written that poem. He was illiterate.
Permission	Can I go out?	She could drive her father’s car when she was only 15.
Possibility	It may / can / could / might rain. It’s cloudy.	I guess it may / can / could / might have been Lacy on the phone.
Lack of necessity	You don’t have to / needn’t buy any tomatoes. There are plenty in the fridge.	You didn’t have to / didn’t need to buy tomatoes.

Bibliography: http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-modals-present-past.php

Bibliography: http://www.slideshare.net/NaceaB/modal-verbs-review-31143749

Deduction in present and past

Certainty, possibility, probability

Bibliography: http://modalsinnature.weebly.com/certainty-probability-possibility.html

Generally talking

Bibliography: https://aliciateacher2.wordpress.com/grammar/modal-verbs/

Have to/Mustn’t/Don’t have to

Should and Must

Exercises:

http://speakspeak.com/english-grammar-exercises/intermediate/intermediate-grammar-exercise-modal-verbs-for-present-probability-must-cant-could-may-might

http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-exercise-modals-present-past.php

http://www.englishpage.com/modals/interactivemodal7.htm

http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/quick-grammar/modals-deduction-present

http://www.agendaweb.org/verbs/modals-exercises.html

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/modal-verbs-exercises.html

 

Conditional sentences

Conditionals  

 

Definition: The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something else. The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations, they are sometimes called if-clauses. Real Conditional describes real-life situations. Unreal Conditional describes unreal, imaginary situations. For example: If a certain condition is true, then a particular result happens. There are four basic conditionals that we use in English. Zero Conditional First Conditional Second Conditional Third Conditional * There are some more conditionals formed by mixing some of these four. Structure of Conditional Sentences The Zero Conditional is used for actions that are always true when the conditions are satisfied. The structure of the conditionals is straightforward. There are two basic possibilities in terms of order in the sentence: IF Condition Result If it rains, we will get wet Result IF Condition we will get wet If it rains, * Notice that we only use a comma in the first example. Conditionals: Time and Probability Table Probability Conditional Example Time Certain zero conditional If you heat water to 100 degrees celsius, it boils any time Likely first conditional If it rains, I will stay in. future Unlikely second conditional If I won the lottery, I would retire. future Impossible second conditional If I had the money, I would lend it to you present Impossible third conditional If I had seen him, I would have given him the message. past Zero Conditional: Certainty The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met. Formation: if + present simple, + present simple IF Condition Result Situation present simple present simple If you heat water to 100 degrees celsius, it boils. fact- universal present simple present simple If I drink coffee, I get a headache. fact- personal In these examples, the result will always occur if the condition is met, so the time is not important. First Conditional: A real possibility in the future A First Conditional sentence is for future actions dependent on the result of another future action or event, where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied. Formation: if + present simple, + will For example: If she gets good grades, she will go to university. We are talking about the future, but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result. In this case, the person is sure about going to university. We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence. For example: IF Condition Result Possibility If she gets good grades, she will go to university. If the condition is met, then she definitely will go If he gets good grades, he may go to university. He is not sure about going to university. If she gets good grades, she should go to university. The speaker is expressing his or her opinion, giving advice. If he gets good grades, he can go to university. This means that it is possible. If she gets good grades, she could go to university. This means that it is possible, but not thatlikely. If he gets good grades, he might go to university. This means that it is possible, but not thatlikely. We can also use different present forms in the condition part of the sentence like: present simple, present progressive, present perfect, etc Second Conditional: Imaginary Present or Unlikely Future The Second Conditional can be used used to talk about imaginary present situations, where we are imagining something different from what is really the case. We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen, as the condition is unlikely to be met. We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result. Formation: if + past simple, + would + base form For Example: If I were you, I’d tell her. IF Condition Time Result Possibility past simple present WOULD + base verb impossible If I had the time, I would learn Italian. I don’t have the time, so I’m not going to learn Italian. past simple future WOULD + base verb unlikely If I won the lottery I would travelaround the world. There’s a very small chance of winning the lottery, so the trip is unlikely We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part of the sentence: IF Condition Result Certainty past simple WOULD + base verb If I had the time, I would learnItalian. Although unlikely to happen, the speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity. If I hadmore time, I might learnEnglish. Although unlikely to happen, it is only a possibilityanyway. If I hadmore time, I should learnsome more about IT. Although unlikely to happen, the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea, but is not committed to it. If I hadmore time I could learnHindi. Although unlikely to happen, it is only a possibilityanyway.   Third Conditional: Imaginary Past The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past and imagining something different from what actually happened, that means for imaginary past actions, where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied. Formation: if + past perfect, + would have + past participle For example: If I had known, I would have helped. I didn’t know and didn’t help. IF Condition Result Certainty past perfect WOULD HAVE+ past participle If I had known, I would have helped. Although this didn’t happen, the speaker issure about the result. If I had known, I could have helped. Although this didn’t happen, the result is only a possibility. If I had known, I might have helped. Although this didn’t happen, the result is only a possibility. If you had known, you should havehelped. Although this didn’t happen, it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice.   Third Second Mixed Conditionals For imaginary present actions or situations that are not possible because the necessary conditions were not met in the past. Formation: if + past perfect, + would + base form For example: If you had taken the course, you would know about it. (The conditions were not met because the person did not do the course and as a result does not know about it now.) Second Third Mixed Conditionals To avoid the illogicality of saying ‘If I had been you’, which means that I was not you on that occasion, but could be in the future, which is, of course, impossible. Formation: if + past simple, + would have + past participle For example: If I were you, I wouldn’t have done that. When the first part is still true For example: If I could speak English, I wouldn’t have needed to get the letter translated. (This means that I couldn’t speak English then when I needed the translator and still can’t)

Exercises:

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises_list/if.htm

https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences

http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-exercise-conditionals.php

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/conditional-exercises.html

http://www.agendaweb.org/verbs/conditional-mixed-exercises.html

http://speakspeak.com/english-grammar-exercises/upper-intermediate/zero-first-second-third-conditionals

http://www.english-4u.de/cond_clauses_ex6.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/conditional/mixedconditional.html